【营销前沿】马京晶:环境友好是女性专属吗?

北京大学国家发展研究院
2016-09-22 00:00 浏览量: 3355

北大国发院马京晶老师同美国四位教授近期被国际一流期刊JournalofConsumerResearch接受发表的关于环保和消费者行为的文章得到了美国诸多媒体的关注。下面是此文的内容简介和相关媒体报道。

Brough,Aaron,JimWilkie,JingjingMa,MathewIssac,andDavidGal(forthcoming),“IsEco-FriendlyUnmanly?TheGreen-FeminineStereotypeandItsEffectonSustainableConsumption,”JournalofConsumerResearch.

你或许有所不知,除了乱扔垃圾、浪费水源、过度用电之外,让男人感觉自己缺乏男子气概也会对环境造成伤害。想象一个男性消费者在两种产品中做选择——一种对环境友好,一种则不。你可能想不到,他的选择会受到性别认同安全感的影响,而这恰恰是本研究的发现。性别差异存在于可持续的行为之中。相较于女性,男性更多地乱扔垃圾,更少地回收旧物,对不环保的生活方式更少感到愧疚。本研究将说明,男性对于是否选择绿色行为的犹豫,源自对“绿色即女性化”这一流行信条的认同。在这种刻板印象的作用下,一旦一位男性感觉自身男子气概受到挑战,就会通过选择不环保的行为来强化他的阳刚之气。对应的,一位对自己男子气概很有安全感的男性,更能欣然接受绿色的行为方式。研究组由来自五所不同高校的营销学教授组成,他们通过一系列的实验来验证自己的猜想,实验涵盖了超过2000名来自中美的参与者。教授们的第一个目标是检测“绿色即女性化”的刻板印象是否存在。正如预期所料,在各个年龄组和性别中普遍发现了“女性化”和“环境保护”这两个概念之间的心理联系。比如说,拿着可重复使用购物袋的消费者比拿着塑料袋的消费者会被认为更加女性化。不仅如此,即便只是把曾经做过的一些有益于环境的事情(相较于不利于环境的事情)写下来,人们也会认为自己更加女性化。研究组的第二个目标是探究“绿色即女性化”的刻板印象是否会影响消费者——尤其是男性消费者——的行为。他们发现,当一位男性的男子气概面临威胁时(比如送他一张印花的粉色礼物卡),他会避免选择一些环境友好的产品。相反地,如果强调一位男性的男子气概(比如告诉他他的字体非常刚劲有力),可以增强他的信心,帮助他克服对于因选择环境友好的产品而被贴上女性化标签的恐惧。另一种减少男性对环保产品的抵触的方法是借助男性化的品牌。如果某绿色非盈利项目被冠以非常男性化的品牌名(比如“荒野游士”而不是“自然之友”),以及使用更加男性化的字体、配色和肖像,男人们对其的捐款会更多。对宝马中国经销商的实地研究发现,当一辆环境友好的汽车广告使用更男性化的词语,如“保护”,而不是传统的绿色词语,比如“环境友好”时,男性消费者们会更喜欢它。与男性不同的是,女性的绿色行为就对性别暗示没那么敏感:女性往往会自然而然地做出绿色选择。不过,让男性在做出绿色行为时感到不适的“绿色即女性化”的刻板印象,在男性和女性之中都是存在的。所以意识到这种刻板印象深入人心,并且尝试去改变对于绿色行为的成见,对男性和女性来说同等重要。研究组中的一员,来自犹他州立大学的艾伦·布拉夫教授指出,“我们的研究首次提出了追求男子气概的内在动力会造成男性对绿色行为的抗拒,而且这不单单是由于男性和女性的个性差异所致。”当被问到研究成果是否只适用于异性恋时,来自西雅图大学的合作者,马修·艾萨克教授回应道:“因为我们大部分的数据都来自于异性恋者,所以性别认同的不同会对实验结果造成哪些影响,我们仍未有明确的答案。这无疑是未来研究的一个开放领域。不过,我们认为,性别取向是次要的,更关键的是在一个人的自我形象中,男性化的一面对他们来说有多重要。我们观察到的结果在那些自恃阳刚、但男子气概受到挑战的男性身上表现得最为明显,而那些自我认同为女性的男性则可能不会做出相同的反应。据布拉夫教授所言,核心的结论在于,“并不是男性不如女性重视可持续的生活方式——他们只是想表现得更阳刚一些。所以如果今天你想要为环境做点好事的话,那就让男人们对自己的男子气概更有信心吧。”

翻译:刘佳佳校对:曾莹

原文IsEco-FriendlyUnmanly?TheGreen-FeminineStereotypeandItsEffectonSustainableConsumption

Youprobablydon’tknowthatinadditiontolittering,wastingwater,orusingtoomuchelectricity,youcanharmtheenvironmentbymakingmenfeelfeminine.Imagineamaleshoppertryingtodecidebetweentwoproducts—onethatisgoodfortheenvironmentandonethatisnot.Youmaynotexpecthischoicetobeinfluencedbyhowsecurehefeelswithhisgenderidentity,butthatisexactlywhatthisresearchfinds.Agendergapexistsinsustainablebehavior;comparedtowomen,menlittermore,recycleless,andfeellessguiltyaboutlivinganon-greenlifestyle.Thisresearchhelpstoexplainmen’shesitationtoadoptgreenbehaviorsbyidentifyingaprevalentbeliefthat‘greenisfeminine.’Asaresultofthisstereotype,whenamandoesn’tfeelmacho,hetriestoreasserthismasculinitythroughnon-greenchoices.Ontheflipside,menwhofeelsecureintheirmanhoodarecomfortablegoinggreen.Theresearchteam,comprisedofmarketingprofessorsatfivedifferentuniversities,testedtheirpredictionsinaseriesofexperimentsinvolvingover2,000participantsfromtheU.S.andChina.Theirfirstgoalwastotestwhetheragreen-femininestereotypeexists.Aspredicted,apowerfulmentallinkwasdiscoveredbetweentheconceptsoffemininityandenvironmentalism—onethatisprevalentacrossagegroupsandamongbothsexes.Asaresult,peoplejudgedotherswhoengagedingreenbehaviorasfeminine.Forexample,ashoppercarryingareusablegrocerybagwasperceivedasmorefemininethanashoppercarryingaplasticgrocerybag.Moreover,peopleevenratedthemselvesasmorefeminineafterwritingaboutatimetheydidsomethinggood(vs.bad)fortheenvironment.Thesecondgoaloftheresearchteamwastotestwhetherthisgreen-femininestereotypeinfluencesthewayconsumers—andmeninparticular—behave.Theyfoundthatthreateningaman’smasculinity(forexample,bygivinghimapinkgiftcardwithafloraldesign)causeshimtoavoidchoosingeco-friendlyproducts.Conversely,affirmingaman’smasculinity(forexample,bytellinghimhiswritingstyleismasculine)canboosthisconfidence,helphimovercomethefearofbeingjudgedasfeminineformakinggreenchoices,andincreasehispreferencesforgreenproducts.Anotherwaytoreducemen’sgreenaversionisthroughmasculinebranding—men’sdonationstoagreennon-profitincreasedwhenitwasbrandedwithamasculinenamelike‘WildernessRangers’insteadof‘FriendsofNature’andusedmoremasculinefonts,colors,andimages.AndinafieldstudyconductedatBMWdealershipsinChina,theresearchersfoundthatwhenaneco-friendlycarwasdescribedinaprintadwithamasculinewordlike‘protect’ratherthanatraditionalgreenwordlike‘eco-friendly,’malecustomerslikeditmore.Incontrasttomen,thegreenbehaviorofwomenwasnotassensitivetogendercues;womentendedtobegreenregardless.Butthegreen-femininestereotype,whichcanmakemenfeeluncomfortablemakinggreenchoices,washeldbybothmenandwomen.Sobeingawarethatthisstereotypeexistsandtryingtochangeperceptionsofwhatitmeanstobegreenisequallyimportantformenandwomen.Oneoftheresearchers,Dr.AaronBroughofUtahStateUniversity,observed,“Ourresearchisthefirsttosuggestthatamotivationtofeelmasculinecouldbecontributingtomen’sreluctancetoadoptgreenbehaviorsandthatit’snotsimplyduetopersonalitydifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.”Whenaskedwhetherthefindingsapplyonlytoheterosexuals,co-authorDr.MathewIsaacofSeattleUniversityreplied,“Sincemostofourdatacomesfromheterosexuals,wedon’thaveagoodunderstandingyetofhowourresultsmightchangeamongthosewhodefinetheirgenderidentitydifferently.Thatisdefinitelyanopenareaforfutureresearch.However,wethinkitislessaboutsexualorientationandmoreabouthowimportanttheroleofmasculinityisinone’sself-image.Theeffectsweobservedarelikelytobestrongestamongmenwhohavealottolosewhentheirmasculinityisthreatened,whereasmenwhoembraceafeminineidentitymaynotreactthesameway.”Thekeytakeaway,accordingtoBrough?“It’snotthatmendon’tcareasmuchaswomenaboutsustainability—it’sjustthattheywanttofeelmacho.Soifyouwanttodosomethinggoodfortheenvironmenttoday,makeamanfeelmoremanly!”

本文曾被美国多家媒体报道,详见附录。附录YourManlinessCouldBeHurtingthePlanetAugust31,2016

MenAreDestroyingtheEarthBecauseTheyThinkEnvironmentalismIsTooGirlySeptember1,2016

MenThinkGoingGreenWillMakeThemWimpsSeptember4,2016

ABC(Australia)Paintnudewomenonsolarpanels:HowtogetmentocareabouttheenvironmentSeptember2,2016BroadlyMachismoIsRuiningthePlanet,StudySaysSeptember2,2016QuartzStudiesShowPeopleThinkCaringAbouttheEnvironmentIs“Feminine”September2,2016Yahoo!NewsRecycling’sNotJustforWomen,BroSeptember1,2016TakePartRecycling’sNotJustforWomen,BroSeptember1,2016MicMenAreRuiningthePlanetBecauseTheyThinkGreenProductsAre“Feminine”September1,2016SiasatDailyMenWillingtoPurchaseEco-FriendlyThingsIfProductsAre“Masculine”August31,2016WasteDiveStudy:MenLitterMore,RecycleLessto“SafeguardTheirGenderIdentity”August31,2016PsychCentralIt’sNotEasyBeingGreen--AtLeastforMenAugust28,2016SlateEco-FriendlyBrandingMustBeSuperManlytoAttractManlyMen,StudySaysAugust26,2016BusinessStandardMenWillingtoGoGreenIfProductsAre“Masculine”August26,2016ScienceDailyGoingGreenIsforGirls,butBrandingCanMakeMenEco-friendlyAugust25,2016NotreDameNewsGoingGreenIsforGirls—ButBrandingCanMakeMenEco-friendlyAugust25,2016PacificStandardIt’sNotEasyBeingGreenandManlyAugust16,2016

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(本文转载自 ,如有侵权请电话联系13810995524)

* 文章为作者独立观点,不代表MBAChina立场。采编部邮箱:news@mbachina.com,欢迎交流与合作。

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